A 68 year old gentleman complains of lower urinary tract symptoms (“LUTS”)

Including frequency and weak stream of urination was diagnosed to have benign prostatic hyperplasia (“BPH“).

a) Discuss the nonpharmacological management (including education and lifestyle advice) for patients with BPH. (2 marks)

b) List TWO classes of drugs commonly used to treat BPH. For EACH class: 

i) Give ONE example;

ii) Discuss the mechanisms of action; and

iii) Discuss the potential adverse effects.

(12 marks)

His LUTS improved after medication. However, he had an episode of common cold and took some medications. He developed acute retention of urine afterwards.

c) Name TWO classes of drugs which could cause his retention of urine.

For EACH class:

i) Give ONE example; and

ii) Discuss the mechanism of causing the retention. 

(6 marks)