Wai Keung is 13 years old and is in the second year of secondary school. He is struggling with his education. His teacher reports that Wai Keung is unable to sit still in class and fidgets constantly. His Mother also reports that he is unable to concentrate on his homework. Following assessment by an educational psychologist, he was referred to the paediatric service for assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”).

(a) In accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (“DSM—5”), the core symptoms of ADHD are inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In addition to Wai Keung’s symptoms, what other examples of ADHD symptoms are frequently experienced by children with ADHD? (3 marks)
(b) Wai Keung is subsequently diagnosed with ADHD. Which non-pharmacological and licensed pharmacological treatments are available in Hong Kong? (5 marks)
(c) Wai Keung has received non-pharmacological intervention with limited effects, he continues to experience impairments to his education and family life. Therefore, his parents have decided to try pharmacological treatment. They seek your advice on the available pharmacological treatment. Based on the current evidence and Wai Keung’s situation, which pharmacological treatment would you recommend? Explain the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic profile, efficacy and safety profile as requested by his parents so that they can discuss this further with the paediatric team. (12 marks)